|
Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
|
Mycobacterial Diseases in HIV-Positive Patients
Dia-Jeanette Thomas, PharmD
Department of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106.
Mycobacterial infections comprise the largest group of opportunistic infections in the HIV-infected population. The incidence of these and other opportunistic infections has declined significantly since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Mortality from these illnesses has decreased as optimal combinations of antibiotics were discovered. Despite these facts, mycobacterial infections still pose a major threat to AIDS patients, particularly in underserved populations. The most common mycobacterial infections found in HIV-infected individuals are Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium intracellulare, and Mycobacterium kansasii, although other nontuberculous mycobacteria have been isolated. While established guidelines have made the task of preventing and treating opportunistic infections easier, resistance, toxicity, adherence, and drug interactions remain barriers to providing optimal therapy.
Key Words: Mycobacterium • tuberculosis • prophylaxis • immune reconstitution • opportunistic infection
References
Toossi Z. Virological and immunological impact of tuberculosis on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 disease. J Infect Dis. 2003;188:1146-1155.[CrossRef][Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Treatment of tuberculosis. American Thoracic Society, CDC, and Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003;52(RR-11):1-88.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]Small P, Fujiwara P. Management of tuberculosis in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:189-200.[Free Full Text]Whalen C, Horsburgh CR, Hom D, et al. Accelerated course of human immunodeficiency virus infection after tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151:129-135.[Abstract]Dheda K, Lampe FC, Johnson MA, et al. Outcome of HIV-associated tuberculosis in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis. 2004;190:1670-1676.[CrossRef][Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]Wallis RS, Kyambadde P, Johnson JL, et al. A study of the safety, immunology, virology, and microbiology of adjunctive etanercept in HIV-1-associated tuberculosis. AIDS. 2004;18:257-264.[CrossRef][Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]Karakousis PC, Moore RD, Chaisson RE. Mycobacterium avium complex in patientswith HIV infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Lancet Infect Dis. 2004;4:557-565.[CrossRef][Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections among HIV-infected persons: 2002 recommendations of the U.S. Public Health Service and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWRMorb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002;51(RR-8):1-60.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Treating opportunistic infections among HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association/Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53(RR-15):1-60.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]Shafran SD, Mashinter LD, Phillips P, et al. Successful discontinuation of therapy for disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection after effective antiretroviral therapy. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:734-737.[Abstract/Free Full Text]Aberg JA, Yajko DM, Jacobson MA. Eradication of AIDS-related disseminated Mycobacterium aviumcomplex infection after 12 months of antimycobacterial therapy combined with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;178:1446-1449.Cinti SK, Kaul DR, Sax PE, et al. Recurrence of Mycobacterium aviuminfection in patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy and antimycobacterial agents. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30:511-514.[CrossRef][Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]Taillard C, Greub G, Weber R, et al. Clinical implications of Mycobacterium kansasiispecies heterogeneity: Swiss National Survey. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:1240-1244.[Abstract/Free Full Text]Canueto-Quintero J, Caballero-Granado FJ, Herrero-Romero M, et al. Epidemiological, clinical, and prognostic differences between the diseases caused by Mycobacterium kansasiiand Mycobacterium tuberculosisin patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a multicenter study. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:584-590.[CrossRef][Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]Alcaide F, Calatayud L, Santín M, et al. Comparative in vitro activities of linezolid, telithromycin, clarithromycin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and four conventional antimycobacterial drugs against Mycobacterium kansasii. Antimicrobial Agents Chemother. 2004;28:4562-4565.[CrossRef]Fitzgerald D, Haas D. Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In: Mandell G, Bennett J, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 6th ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 2004.US Department of Health and Human Services. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Rockville, Md: HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service. Available at: http://AIDSinfo.nih.gov.Tipranavir [package insert]. Ridgefield, Conn: Boehringer-Ingleheim. Available at www.aptivus.com.Shelburne SA, Visnegarwala F, Darcourt J, et al. Incidence and risk factors for immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome during highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2005;19:399-406.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]Hirsch HH, Kaufmann G, Sendi P, et al. Immune reconstitution in HIV-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:1159-1166.[CrossRef][Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]Desimone JA, Babinchak TJ, Kaulback KR, et al. Treatment of Mycobacterium aviumcomplex immune reconstitution disease in HIV-1-infected individuals. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2003;17:617-622.[CrossRef][Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
Journal of Pharmacy Practice, Vol. 19, No. 1,
10-16 (2006)
DOI: 10.1177/0897190005284100
 CiteULike  Complore  Connotea  Del.icio.us  Digg  Reddit  Technorati  Twitter What's this?
|
|
